🎯 Strokes Videos — Newest
9:46
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5%
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5%
7:19
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4.6%
21:07
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3.3%
7:00
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167 views
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0%
12:00
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86 views
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0%
11:13
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162 views
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0%
9:32
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763 views
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0%
8:00
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44 views
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0%
10:29
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0%
8:00
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3.3%
15:02
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3.2K views
Apr 23, 2025
4%
25:36
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995 views
Apr 29, 2025
5%
